Ontology And Epistemology The Growth Of Motivation Psychology Essay

Ontology And Epistemology The Growth Of Motivation Psychology EssayOntologyA theory concerning the personality of social phenomena as entities that atomic number 18 to be admitted to a association system .ontology gives an idea about the temperament of reality. Ontology is concern the kinds of things that assume to exit in the world, and how those things should be viewed and studied. Ontology wait ons to maintain the investigate and helps to understand that there ar different ways of viewing the world .Ontology is consists of two aspects .Those argon objectivism and drug-addictedivism. These two aspects were describe about both devotes among vexation and management searchers and it gage be authentic as producing valid cutledge by many researchers. Objectivism is an ontological space that asserts that social entities exits in a reality external to, and independent of, social actors concerned with their existence. Subjectivism is an ontological position that asserts en titles, that is created from the perceptions and consequent actions of those social actors responsible for their creation. Smircich (1983) noted that objectives would tend to view the culture of an disposal as something that the organisation has. The subjectivist view point would be to reject as too simplistic and argue that culture is something that is created and re-created through a composite array of phenomena which include social interactions and physical factors such as office layout to which individuals attach certain meanings, rituals and myths.Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the character of knowledge and when constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study. The most important distinction is what they intend important in the study of the manufacturing process. The researcher who considers entropy on resources needed is apparent to be more asking to the position of the natural scientist. This may be position of the operations management specia list who is comfortable with the collection and analysis of facts. logical positivism is an epistemological position that advocates working with an observable social reality. The emphasis is on highly structured methodology to facilitate replication, and the product dope be law- deal generalisations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists. Realism is an epistemological position that objects exits independent of our knowledge of their existence. The essence of realism is that what the senses show us is reality, is the truth that objects contract an existence independent of the human mind. The interpretivisim is an epistemology that advocates that is necessary for the researcher to understand the difference amid humans in our role as social actors.The ontological position impart be taking a subjective object approach. This is because researches viewpoint is subjective in nature. Assuming that there is relationship among different elements same(p) need and experience of the employees or other factors. and so the researcher is of the opinion in different entities in the system interact and can have depend or relationship between them.What do you understand by the concept of ethics in the context of a taught Masters dissertation? How may it affect your research design or methodology? look into ethicsResearch ethics is the appropriateness of the researchers behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of a research project, or who are affecting by it. Blumberg et al. (2005 92) define ethics as the moral principles, norms or standards of behaviour that guide moral choices about our behaviour and our relationships with others. Therefore research ethics relates to the doubtfulnesss how to formulate and clarify the root, design our research and gain access, collect data, process and store our data, analyse data and write up research findings in a moral and responsible way. Predictably, what is mor onlyy defensi ble behaviour, as researchers will be affected by broader social norms of behaviour (Zikmund, 2000).The first pose of a research project is translating the business problem into a well-defined research problem. It represents the researchers first and best opportunity to anticipate potential ethical problems. overplay to others some hard thinking about the underlying problem and business objectives should suggest whether the results are likely to be harmful to other persons or organisations.Violations of accepted research practise the researcher has an ethical obligation to the manager to indicate whether a research project is feasible or whether the results are likely to be so tentative as to be worthless. Violations of community standards of conductsThe manger has an ethical obligation to the researcher to disclose as fully as possible the nature of the question, decision, or problem facing the business. The main ethical problems in masters dissertation are given below.Privacy of possible and actual participantsMaintenance of the confidentiality of data provided by individuals or identifiable participants and anonymityReactions of participants to the way in which way to collect data, including embarrassment, stress, discomfort, pain and harmTo avoidance of harm can be seen as the cornerstone of the ethical issues that confront those who undertake research. The expression netiquette has been developed to provide a heading for a number of rules or guidelines about how to act ethically when using internet. Potential ethical issues should be recognised and considered from the outset of the research and be one of the criteria against which research proposal is judged. Ethical concerns are likely to slip by at all stages of the research project. When seeking access, during data collection, analyse data and when it will report them. Ethical concerns are also associated with the power relationship between the researcher and those who grant access, and the researche rs role.Ethics is highly affecting the research work. There are mainly three kinds of ethical issues affects in surveys as well as interviews. Those are informed consent, confidentiality and anonymity and contact effects. The informed consent is important to survey and interview ethics. Respondents have right to know the content or topic of the survey and the right to refuse to participate if they object to its true purpose. Confidentiality can make sure that maintain the promise or not, ensure that data are not available to unauthorized persons and that they are not misused. Questionnaires should be kept safely locked up when not in use. Guarding respondent identities is particularly important for ingeminate -measure surveys. Researchers conducting personal or telephone interview have direct contact with the individuals who are ultimately the sources of data. To avoid surprise and embarrassment, interviewers must prepare respondents for the questions they are release to ask.Resea rch will be done based on a firm or an organisation. For doing research in a firm or in an organisation the main factor which we need is that the help and support from the employees and he managers. The research will be done by focusing the employees. The senior employees are never ready to disclose the details about their experience in their firm. The managers are not ready to disclose the details about the firm and employees working their. They are not even ready to share their experience which they get while they conduct the interview. For selecting the firm or organisation the main support and the liberty for a student should be provided by the college or the university. The officials of the firm can get influenced by the performance of the person who does research in the firm and this can lead to the recruitment of the person to the firm.Explain, compare and contrast the following terms proposition conjecture theory model?Propositions are of great interest in research because they may be used to gauge the truth or falsity of relationships among observable phenomena. When advance a proposition is testing, its are hypothesizing. A hypothesis describes the relationship between or among variables. A good hypothesis is one that can explain what it claim to explain what it claims to explain ,is testable , and has greater range , probability, and relief than its rivals. Sets of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that are advanced to explain and called theories. Models differ from theories in that models are analogies or representations of some aspect of a system or of the system as a whole. Models are used for description, prediction, and control.PropositionProposition as a statement about observable phenomena that may be judged as true or false .when a proposition is formulated for empirical testing. It is call as hypothesis. The relationship between two or more variables, a hypothesis is of a tentative and conjectural nature (Cooper et al 1 19843). meditationHypothesis is a testable proposition about the relationship between two or more events or concepts. Hypothesis is related in to different areas in research .Descriptive hypothesis is dealing with existence, size form and distribution. Relational hypothesis is oddball another type of hypothesis and its dealing with the research question format in less frequently. The role of hypothesis is very important in the research program. Hypothesis gives a good direction to the research study and it can identify the facts and these facts are related are relevant and those are not. The environment of this hypothesis and implications of the declaration get that the best research design is a communication- based study, most likely a survey or interview. A strong hypothesis has three conditions like adequate for its purpose, testable and better a rival.TheoryA theory is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena. Theories are sound and fit for the condition is triumphant in expiations and predictions. The main challenge of the theory area is to build comprehensive and predict how modifying the product and other variables. taking into custody the relationship between the variables are very important in theory. It should help to develop the researcher scientific knowledge. In a theory areas hypothesis has a good role.lt may cause confusion to differentiate between the theory and hypothesis. Theories are related to be complex, be abstract and involve multiple variables. Hypothesis on is more simple, limited-variable statements involving concrete instances.ModelModel is defined as a representation of system that constructed to study some aspect of the system as whole. Model and theories are entirely different. The role of the theory is explanation perhaps models role is representation. Future and present conditions can characterize by models. It will face-saving for the res earchers and mangers. The main endeavour of the models the increase the understanding, predictions and to manage the complexities of the environment.4. Give a detailed explanation and illustration, using a diagram, your anticipated research design, otherwise utilise a hypothetical research design process.Research designA research design is the strategy for a study and plan by what the strategy is to be carried out. It specifies the methods and procedures for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. Unfortunately, there is no simple classification of research designs that covers the variations found in practise. The major descriptors of design are given below.Exploratory versus formalized observe versus communication studyExperimental versus ex post factoDescriptive versus causativeCross-sectional versus longitudinalCase versus statisticalField versus laboratory versus simulationSubjects recognize no deviations, some deviations, or researcher -included deviations.Explorat ory research is appropriate for the total study in topic areas where the developed data are limited. In most other studies, exploration is the first stage of a project and is used to orient the researcher and the study. The objective of exploration is the development of hypotheses, not testing. formalistic studies, including descriptive and causal, are those with substantial structure, specific hypothesis to be tested, or research questions to be answered. Descriptive studies are those used to describe phenomena associated with a subject population or to estimate proportions of the population that have certain characteristics.Causal studies seek to discover the effect that a variable has on another or why certain outcomes are obtained. The concept of causality is grounded in the logic of hypothesis testing, which in turn, produces inductive conclusions. Such conclusions are problematic and thus can never be demonstrated with certainty. Current ideas about causality as compels proce sses improve our understanding over Mills canons, though it can never know all the relevant information necessary to prove causal linkages beyond doubt.Research designing will mainly occur based on the causal studies. Research is mainly based on the quantative and soft techniques. Data for the research will be collected with the help of questionnaire and the interview conducted. Questionnaire is prepared with the help of qualitative analysis and interview is prepared based on quantative analysis. Both questionnaire and interview will help to us to do research in a prim way.What is the role of the research question? How would you formulate a research question? (Illustrate by constructing a hypothetical research question from your possible topic area).Research question is a specific query to be addressed by this research that sets the parameters of the project and suggests the methods to be used for data gathering and analysis .Research question is important because it determines, l argely, the research methods that are used to answer it. A research question will provide the flexibility and freedom to explore a phenomenon in depth. It is not so narrow and concentrated that it excludes discovery. The research question in a qualitative study is a statement that recognises the phenomenon to be studied. It gives idea to the readers what the researcher specifically wants to know about the subject. The important thing in the research question is setting the boundaries on what will be studied. This is because researcher cannot cover the all aspects of the problem. Research question helps them to narrow the problem down to a workable size. Research questions should replicate plausible hunches, suspicions, and suggestions of those involved with or knowledgeable about the business problem. General settlement of the research problem is to set of specific research questions. (ref 1).Research questions .research questions mainly three types.Questions about Primary Variables The primary variable materializes in the translation process. In this part, looking to the relationships between the key and primary variables that research is to test. For example, seasonal variations in sale important?Key VariablesIt may present excess variables to be investigated. For example Are turnover rates showing the same patter? It may also focus alternative measures of a key variable. bourne QuestionsIt involves the research boundaries and are usually included when the researcher is unsure of the boundaries of the business problem. It may suggest other cases to be investigated or may seek to limit temporal or other boundaries of the problem. Boundary questions are the least ordinary specific research questions.The research questions focus specific aspects of the problem to be investigated and ideas to be tested. These questions are distilled from the results of the researchers investigation of the business problem. The schoolmaster research question and the approach in which it is phrased lead the researcher to scrutinize data from a specific military position and to use certain data-gathering techniques and modes of data analysis. The questions set the tone for the research project and help the researcher to stay focused, even when there are masses and data. The original question in a qualitative study open is broad and open-ened.the original research question .the original research question may be suggested by a professor or college, obtain from the researchers experience. Whatever the source of the problem, it is important that researcher have enthusiasm for the subject because he or she will have to live with it for some time(REF).The ability to achieve a certain degree of aloofness from the research materials and to represents them fairly. The capability to listen to the words of respondents and to give them spokesperson independent of the researcher. In qualitative research, objectivity does not mean controlling the variables. Objectivit y have developed some techniques to increase our responsiveness and to help us control intrusion of basis into analysis while retaining sensitivity to what is being said in the data. The first procedure is to think comparatively. Another method for gaining distance is to obtain multiple viewpoints of an event , that is, to attempt to determine how the various actors in a position view it. Also, it is important to periodically step back and ask, what is freeing here? and does what I think I see fit the reality of the data?. Another technique for obtaining objectivity is sustaining an attitude of scepticism. The final piece of recommendation is to follow the research procedures, it can making comparisons, asking questions, and sampling based on evolving theoretical concepts are mandatory features of the methodology. Objectivity enables the researcher to have effrontery that his or her findings are a reasonable, impartial representation of a problem under investigation, whereas sens itivity enables creativity and discovery of new theory from data.One of the main factors for the research is motivation. It depends on the work of the person. The growth of the motivation mainly depends on the work experience we have in a firm. Here, in this research, we do consider mainly two important factors, namely, service and the motivation. Questionnaires are prepared in relation to both this factors. Research is done in two ways with the help of questionnaire and interview.Data collection PreparationData collectionDesignProposal ApprovedSampling DesignInstrument DevelopmentResearch Design scheme